UAE after Islam an Example by

UAE after Islam One of the main features of United Arab Emirates is its possession of a very strategic location which helps facilitate its trade and commerce. Within the country, the people are engaged in several occupations such as trading, transportation, fishing and hunting. This an important part of their civil life which, aside from certain developments, remained more and less as the same occupations the people in the country are engaged with through the years. However, unlike occupation which remained relatively stable through the years, there is an important aspect of UAEs culture that underwent radical changes through time. This is in the area of religion. Such changes may be divided between UAE before Islam and UAE under Islamic religion. Need essay sample on "UAE after Islam" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Even before the arrival of Islam, the people in UAE have a developed religion. It may be what people at present consider as primitive, but it is nonetheless a developed and organized religion. They have a deity in the form of a snake. A temple is built for the worship. This is a good evidence of the degree of civilization of these snake worshippers as regards their religion. They were able to create a sacred location where worship of their deity will be performed. Moreover, the existence such temple implies the existence of established rites, customs and traditions of a religious nature that are observed by them. Temples are also usually used to communicate to the deity, thus implying some form of prayer method among the people. Aside from the temple and worship, they also have other established norms and traditions such as in burials. This brings us to the second level of analysis, which is the examination of the status of UAE after the arrival Islam. Islam replaced the old religion practiced by people in UAE. It was facilitated by one of the major features that have characterized UAE for a very long time, its advantages as regards trade and commerce. At that time, the Gulf, in which UAE is a part of, became one of the important commercial centres as well as the industry of the ships. This facilitated the spreading of Islam through the help of Gulf merchants. The inculcation of Muslim faith is characterized not by a peaceful integration of people to the religion. Instead, the birth of Islam in the country is facilitated by blood and loss. The road to Islam that UAE and other countries in the region had to track was paved with battles and conquests. Even from the beginning, Islam was first brought within the country by Amer bin el Aass by fighting all the invaders from the region of Arabian Gulf after the death of prophet Mohammed (PBUH). In the Gulf, this was followed by other battles, some of which are characterized by victories, the others, by losses. Examples of the victories include the victory of the Ottoman sultan, Mohammed Al-Fatih (the Conqueror) to conquest "Constantinople", while examples of the losses include the end of the kingdom of Granada in Andalusia in 1492 and end of the Arabian marine control over the Arabian Gulf, Oman Sea, and a part of the Indian Ocean during the 15th Century. Many of these battles resulted in many d eaths and great loss of properties. Among the enemies against whom the need to defend arose were Portugal, Holland, France, and Britain. The political climate after the introduction of Islam was also affected by the formation of alliances and tribal organizations that are often formed by ruling families. Moreover, the policies of government and people have changed. One important consequence of the developments in the Arab region, including UAE, is their effects on the issues people hold dear. Progress and liberation have become major calls for Arab citizens and attention was given to the desire to achieve modern education, social modernisation and media openness. The Arab development, especially after Islam, has considerable effects on its different parts. An important discussion as regards these effects will be the development of Dubai Emirates, which is an integral part of United Arab Emirates. It is considered as the main portion of the Gulf and like UAE, has achieved a considerable position in trade due to its strategic location. It has also become a main trading in the Gulf owing partly to the success of its pearl-making business. However, as discussed above, UAE has become witness to the crossing of cultures due to its strategic location beside bodies of water used for trade and transportation, and so have its parts. The result is the commingling of the arts and culture of its parts, including the Dubai Emirates thus losing their distinction among each other. Reference David C King 'United Arab Emirates' New York : Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. Sultan ibn Muhammad al-Qasimi, Ruler of ShaI riqah'Selected speeches' Sharjah, United Arab Emirates : Al Qasimi Publications, 2016.

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Examples

Maximum Likelihood Estimation Examples Suppose that we have a random sample from a population of interest.  We may have a theoretical model for the way that the population is distributed.  However, there may be several population parameters of which we do not know the values.  Maximum likelihood estimation is one way to determine these unknown parameters.   The basic idea behind maximum likelihood estimation is that we determine the values of these unknown parameters.  We do this in such a way to maximize an associated joint probability density function or probability mass function.  We will see this in more detail in what follows.  Then we will calculate some examples of maximum likelihood estimation. Steps for Maximum Likelihood Estimation The above discussion can be summarized by the following steps: Start with a sample of independent random variables X1, X2, . . . Xn from a common distribution each with probability density function f(x;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k).  The thetas are unknown parameters.Since our sample is independent, the probability of obtaining the specific sample that we observe is found by multiplying our probabilities together.  This gives us a likelihood function L(ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k)   f( x1 ;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k) f( x2 ;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k) . . .  f( xn ;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k) ÃŽ   f( xi ;ÃŽ ¸1, . . .ÃŽ ¸k).Next, we use Calculus to find the values of theta that maximize our likelihood function L.  More specifically, we differentiate the likelihood function L with respect to ÃŽ ¸ if there is a single parameter.  If there are multiple parameters we calculate partial derivatives of L with respect to each of the theta parameters.To continue the process of maximization, set the derivative of L (or partial derivatives) equal to zero and solve for theta.We can then use o ther techniques (such as a second derivative test) to verify that we have found a maximum for our likelihood function. Example Suppose we have a package of seeds, each of which has a constant probability p of success of germination.  We plant n of these and count the number of those that sprout.  Assume that each seed sprouts independently of the others.  How do we determine the maximum likelihood estimator of the parameter p? We begin by noting that each seed is modeled by a Bernoulli distribution with a success of p. We let X be either 0 or 1, and the probability mass function for a single seed is f( x ; p ) px (1 - p)1 - x.   Our sample consists of n  Ã‚  different Xi, each of with has a Bernoulli distribution.  The  seeds that sprout have Xi 1 and the seeds that fail to sprout have Xi 0.   The likelihood function is given by: L ( p ) ÃŽ   pxi (1 - p)1 - xi We see that it is possible to rewrite the likelihood function by using the laws of exponents.   L ( p )   pÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi Next we differentiate this function with respect to p.  We assume that the values for all of the Xi are known, and hence are constant.  To differentiate the likelihood function we need to use the product rule along with the power rule: L ( p )   ÃŽ £ xip-1 ÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi - (n - ÃŽ £ xi )pÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n-1 - ÃŽ £ xi We rewrite some of the negative exponents and have: L ( p ) (1/p) ÃŽ £ xipÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi - 1/(1 - p) (n - ÃŽ £ xi )pÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi [(1/p) ÃŽ £ xi  - 1/(1 - p) (n - ÃŽ £ xi)]ipÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi Now, in order to continue the process of maximization, we set this derivative equal to zero and solve for p: 0 [(1/p) ÃŽ £ xi  - 1/(1 - p) (n - ÃŽ £ xi)]ipÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi Since p and (1- p) are nonzero we have that 0 (1/p) ÃŽ £ xi  - 1/(1 - p) (n - ÃŽ £ xi). Multiplying both sides of the equation by p(1- p) gives us: 0 (1 - p) ÃŽ £ xi  - p (n - ÃŽ £ xi). We expand the right hand side and see: 0   ÃŽ £ xi  - p ÃŽ £ xi  - p n pÃŽ £ xi   ÃŽ £ xi - p n. Thus ÃŽ £ xi p n and (1/n)ÃŽ £ xi   p.  This means that the maximum likelihood estimator of p is a sample mean.  More specifically this is the sample proportion of the seeds that germinated.  This is perfectly in line with what intuition would tell us.  In order to determine the proportion of seeds that will germinate, first consider a sample from the population of interest. Modifications to the Steps There are some modifications to the above list of steps.  For example, as we have seen above, is typically worthwhile to spend some time using some algebra to simplify the expression of the likelihood function.  The reason for this is to make the differentiation easier to carry out. Another change to the above list of steps is to consider natural logarithms. The maximum for the function L will occur at the same point as it will for the natural logarithm of L.  Thus maximizing ln L is equivalent to maximizing the function L. Many times, due to the presence of exponential functions in L, taking the natural logarithm of L will greatly simplify some of our work. Example We see how to use the natural logarithm by revisiting the example from above.  We begin with the likelihood function: L ( p )   pÃŽ £ xi (1 - p)n - ÃŽ £ xi . We then use our logarithm laws and see that: R( p ) ln L( p ) ÃŽ £ xi ln p (n - ÃŽ £ xi) ln(1 - p). We already see that the derivative is much easier to calculate: R( p ) (1/p)ÃŽ £ xi - 1/(1 - p)(n - ÃŽ £ xi) . Now, as before, we set this derivative equal to zero and multiply both sides by p (1 - p): 0 (1- p ) ÃŽ £ xi -  p(n - ÃŽ £ xi) . We solve for p and find the same result as before. The use of the natural logarithm of L(p) is helpful in another way.  It is much easier to calculate a second derivative of R(p) to verify that we truly do have a maximum at the point (1/n)ÃŽ £ xi   p. Example For another example, suppose that we have a random sample X1, X2, . . . Xn from a population that we are modelling with an exponential distribution.  The probability density function for one random variable is of the form f( x ) ÃŽ ¸-1 e -x/ÃŽ ¸ The likelihood function is given by the joint probability density function. This is a product of several of these density functions: L(ÃŽ ¸) ÃŽ   ÃŽ ¸-1 e -xi/ÃŽ ¸   ÃŽ ¸-n e -ÃŽ £ xi/ÃŽ ¸    Once again it is helpful to consider the natural logarithm of the likelihood function.  Differentiating this will require less work than differentiating the likelihood function: R(ÃŽ ¸) ln L(ÃŽ ¸) ln [ÃŽ ¸-n e -ÃŽ £ xi/ÃŽ ¸] We use our laws of logarithms and obtain: R(ÃŽ ¸) ln L(ÃŽ ¸) - n ln ÃŽ ¸Ã‚   -ÃŽ £xi/ÃŽ ¸ We differentiate with respect to ÃŽ ¸ and have: R(ÃŽ ¸)   - n / ÃŽ ¸Ã‚   ÃŽ £xi/ÃŽ ¸2 Set this derivative equal to zero and we see that: 0 - n / ÃŽ ¸Ã‚   ÃŽ £xi/ÃŽ ¸2. Multiply both sides by ÃŽ ¸2 and the result is: 0 - n ÃŽ ¸Ã‚   ÃŽ £xi. Now use algebra to solve for ÃŽ ¸: ÃŽ ¸ (1/n)ÃŽ £xi. We see from this that the sample mean is what maximizes the likelihood function.  The parameter ÃŽ ¸ to fit our model should simply be the mean of all of our observations. Connections There are other types of estimators.  One alternate type of estimation is called an unbiased estimator.  For this type, we must calculate the expected value of our statistic and determine if it matches a corresponding parameter.

Issues faced by multinational companyies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issues faced by multinational companyies - Essay Example In this present day context, companies are eager to earn an extraordinary reputation for themselves in the global market, which further encourages them to diversify their respective business operations. The issues that face by the multi-national organisations might impose considerable impact upon the reputation along with the overall performance of their business in an unfavourable way. In recent years, multinational companies are dealing with critical issues while performing their respective operations throughout the globe. This can be owing to the reason of their wider operational network and prevalence of extreme business market competition among others. A few of the challenges that face by multi-national companies include incessant alteration of business environment, changing trends in the preferences of the customers and rising competition among others (Sabir , 2013; Elnaugh, 2008). Contextually, this paper intends to evaluate the present issues and challenges facing by multinat ional companies in the global business environment. The evaluation will be conducted through reviewing several noteworthy literatures and critically comparing different concepts or theories related to the subject matter. Critical Evaluation of Issues/Results As discussed above, multi-national organisations on the modern day environment often face several issues that impose unfavourable impacts upon their operational performance. With the advent of globalisation, the companies have to deal with stern competition, forcing them to adopt unconventional strategies for the purpose of overcoming the identified issues and attaining sustainability. Apart from this, companies also need to move parallel with the changing demands of the customers. Additionally, constant advancements in technology present another major challenge for companies in this present day context (Slideshare Inc., 2013). The challenges that are currently faced by the multi-national companies have been illustrated hereunde r with reference to the relevant theories. Comparing and Contrasting Different Theories, Concepts and Research Findings Multi-national companies are observed to remain continuously under immense pressure in order to perform effectively in an evenly poised competitive global market. According to the study conducted by McDonald & Burton (2013), there are certain major challenges that companies face when they perform their respective operations in several regions of the world, which can be explained with the assistance of the globalization and international theories. Emphasising the same context, Hennart (2000), affirmed that the foremost among them is the changing economic conditions that have been explained as ‘market imperfections’ in Hymer’s international theories. In this regard, the global financial conditions fluctuate quite frequently due to gaining momentum of globalisation and other crucial factors mainly owing to two driving forces, viz. ‘boundedly rational’ and ‘opportunistic’ forces, influencing companies to change their strategies on a constant basis in correspondence to their transaction costs (Hennart, 2000). Moreover, McDonald & Burton (2013) also affirmed that volatility in the political conditions of various nations also forced multi-national co